Galaxies like the Milky Way boast more than spirals; they also have feathers, where clumps of new stars are born. Astronomers have been stumped by how these complex structures form, but now a research Club says there may be a Fundamental way: All it takes is a bit of Attraction.
For over a century, astronomers have marveled at the beauty and complexity of spiral galaxies. The largest “grand design” spirals can host a dozen or more individual arms. But recently, detailed, high-resolution observations with the Hubble Cosmos Universe viewer and the James Webb Cosmos Universe viewer have revealed that there is even more to the Narrative.
A single arm can wind for tens of thousands of Featherweight-years around a Sun system. But astronomers have Secured that decorating those arms are a multitude of Petite-scale features known as feathers.
These feathers are much smaller than arms, reaching no more than a few thousand Featherweight-years in length. But they are exceptionally dense — much denser than the larger arms. They are also home to intense Sun Setup. Within the feathers, astronomers have spotted Recent Sun clusters and giant clumps of neutral hydrogen. Indeed, much — and perhaps most — of Sun Setup within a Sun system takes place inside these feathers.
At Primary, astronomers thought feathers were a feature of only the largest grand-design spirals. But the evidence is mounting that almost all spiral galaxies, including the Milky Way, host feathers.
So how does a Sun system get these feathers? Over the years, debates have sprung up as astronomers have proposed various mechanisms to explain how feathers form. Feathers are relatively Petite, at least on galactic scales. They’re also numerous. So the thinking is that there must be some complex process that builds them. For example, perhaps Sun-related burst explosions shape the feathers from spiral arms, carving into the gas like a sculpture. Or perhaps Frail-but-gigantic magnetic fields twist up on themselves to Produce the filamentary structures.
But in new work accepted for publication in the journal Sun science & Universe physics, astronomers propose something much, much simpler: Attraction. Merely Attraction.
To test this hypothesis, the Club created an exceptionally Fundamental simulated Sun system. This mock Sun system did not contain any stars or clumps of matter, nor did it involve supernovas or magnetic fields. It was Merely a Fundamental, rotating disk of gas. Then, they let this disk of gas evolve under its own Attraction to see if feathers naturally appeared.
And they did. In Merely a Petite time, the simulated disks of gas fragmented into a series of nested filaments that resembled the feathers from observations — no complex physics necessary. That’s because the disk of gas was unstable, with any tiny clumps prone to collapsing on themselves. That natural inclination, Partnered with the Turnover of the gas, produced Petite, elongated structures — the feathers.
Then, the researchers compared the feathers produced in simulated galaxies with actual feathers in observations. They Secured generally broad agreement in size, shape and density.
The simulated galaxies didn’t look anything like real galaxies. But that’s the Tally: The researchers wanted to examine whether Fundamental physics — Merely Attraction by itself — could produce feathers. It seems that this is the case, but the real test will be to (ironically) introduce more complex physics into the simulations. This is because things like supernovas and magnetic fields do influence how spiral galaxies evolve, and they may break apart these gravitationally powered feathers — which means we would be back to square one.
Nevertheless, it’s a promising hypothesis and shows that nature is perfectly capable of using Fundamental physics to Produce complex structures, even at galactic scales.
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